{"id":76,"date":"2018-05-04T11:38:21","date_gmt":"2018-05-04T09:38:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/helix.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/?page_id=76"},"modified":"2018-05-04T12:34:55","modified_gmt":"2018-05-04T10:34:55","slug":"vymena-energii-latek-a-informaci-v-lesnich-ekosystemech","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/index.php\/vymena-energii-latek-a-informaci-v-lesnich-ekosystemech\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00fdm\u011bna energi\u00ed, l\u00e1tek a informac\u00ed v lesn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9mech"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>V\u00fdm\u011bna energi\u00ed, l\u00e1tek a informac\u00ed v lesn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9mech<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8211; p\u0159edpokladem toku energie a kolob\u011bhu l\u00e1tek (biologick\u00fdch cykl\u016f) je schopnost \u017eiv\u00fdch soustav vytv\u00e1\u0159et organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky z l\u00e1tek anorganick\u00fdch<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-178 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/helix.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/vymena_energii_toky.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"490\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/vymena_energii_toky.jpg 490w, https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/vymena_energii_toky-300x261.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/vymena_energii_toky-200x174.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 490px) 100vw, 490px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Kolob\u011bh \u017eivin<\/h2>\n<p>spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v toku \u017eivin a energi\u00ed mezi:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u017eivou slo\u017ekou ekosyst\u00e9mu (prim\u00e1rn\u00ed producenti, konzumenti, destruenti, reducenti)<\/li>\n<li>ne\u017eivou slo\u017ekou ekosyst\u00e9mu (p\u016fda, voda, vzduch)<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; energomateri\u00e1lov\u00e9 toky ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f jsou zpravidla ur\u010deny \u017eivotn\u00ed formou hlavn\u00edch zelen\u00fdch rostlin (determinant prim\u00e1rn\u00ed produkce) a jejich schopnost\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edvat dostupn\u00e9 zdroje; s prim\u00e1rn\u00edmi producenty jsou spojeni konzumenti r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u00farovn\u00ed a cyklus je uzav\u00edr\u00e1n \u010dinnost\u00ed rozklada\u010d\u016f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-179 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/helix.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/kolobeh_zivin.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"490\" height=\"327\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/kolobeh_zivin.jpg 490w, https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/kolobeh_zivin-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/kolobeh_zivin-200x133.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 490px) 100vw, 490px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8211; materi\u00e1lov\u00e9 toky jsou v\u00fdsledkem:<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch proces\u016f (kolob\u011bh vody)<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; biologick\u00fdch proces\u016f (cyklus C a miner\u00e1ln\u00edch \u017eivin je d\u016fsledkem fotosynt\u00e9zy a mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00ed asimilace N, na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b v\u00fdsledkem \u010dinnosti rozklada\u010d\u016f).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-180 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/helix.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/kolobeh_co2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"490\" height=\"353\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/kolobeh_co2.jpg 490w, https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/kolobeh_co2-300x216.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/kolobeh_co2-200x144.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 490px) 100vw, 490px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>pozn: Ne v\u0161echny \u017eiviny uvoln\u011bn\u00e9 rozkladem odum\u0159el\u00e9 biomasy jsou nutn\u011b op\u011bt p\u0159ijaty rostlinami, z\u010d\u00e1sti unikaj\u00ed z dan\u00e9ho ekosyst\u00e9mu. Recyklace \u017eivin zpravidla nen\u00ed dokonal\u00e1, na druhou stranu do ekosyst\u00e9mu vstupuj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 \u017eiviny nav\u00edc.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8211; sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed kolob\u011bhu l\u00e1tek jsou trofick\u00e9 \u0159et\u011bzce<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; v r\u00e1mci jednotliv\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f jsou vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny v r\u016fzn\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; \u010dasto doch\u00e1z\u00ed k p\u0159esun\u016fm l\u00e1tek a toku energie do ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f vedlej\u0161\u00edch nebo i velice vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch (netop\u00fd\u0159i &#8211; jeskynn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my) nebo jinak \u0159e\u010deno, ekosyst\u00e9m je relativn\u011b uzav\u0159en\u00fd na vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farovni<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; \u010d\u00e1st prim\u00e1rn\u00ed i sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed produkce m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt i velice dlouho ulo\u017eena ve form\u011b pom\u011brn\u011b inertn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f &#8211; fosfor v mo\u0159sk\u00fdch sedimentech, fosiln\u00ed paliva, ra\u0161elina, humus<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; stejn\u011b tak trofick\u00fdmi \u0159et\u011bzci proch\u00e1zej\u00ed, jsou ukl\u00e1d\u00e1ny, akumulov\u00e1ny a koncentrov\u00e1ny, antropogenn\u00ed \u0161kodliviny (DDT, t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 kovy atd.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Geochemick\u00e9 kolob\u011bhy<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>= ve velk\u00fdch geografick\u00fdch m\u011b\u0159\u00edtk\u00e1ch a dlouh\u00fdch \u010dasov\u00fdch \u00fasec\u00edch; v mnoha sm\u011brech maj\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdznam pro celou Zemi<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; transportn\u00ed procesy na povrchu zem\u011b (transport zv\u011btralin \u0159ekami, eroze p\u016fdy v\u011btrem, \u010dinnost oce\u00e1n\u016f aj.)<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; \u010dasto spojuj\u00ed zemsk\u00fd povrch do jednoho ekosyst\u00e9mu<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; d\u011bl\u00ed se na plynn\u00e9 a sedimenta\u010dn\u00ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Plynn\u00e9 geochemick\u00e9 kolob\u011bhy<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8211; charakter geochemick\u00fdch kolob\u011bh\u016f, n\u011bkdy mohou p\u0159ech\u00e1zet do kolob\u011bh\u016f biogeochemick\u00fdch (sediment\u00e1rn\u00ed geochemick\u00e9 kolob\u011bhy)- uhl\u00edk, vod\u00edk, kysl\u00edk, dus\u00edk a s\u00edra mohou vstupovat nebo opou\u0161t\u011bt ekosyst\u00e9m jako plyny, a to jednotliv\u011b nebo ve slou\u010denin\u00e1ch<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; proces denitrifikace: \u010d\u00e1st dus\u00edku znovu opou\u0161t\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9m v plynn\u00e9 form\u011b jako N2 a vrac\u00ed se do atmosf\u00e9ry<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; obdobn\u011b uhl\u00edk se p\u0159i mineralizaci organick\u00fdch zbytk\u016f nebo d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed organizm\u016f vrac\u00ed do atmosf\u00e9ry jako CO2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Sedimenta\u010dn\u00ed geochemick\u00e9 kolob\u011bhy<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8211; \u00fa\u010dast v\u0161ech element\u016f &#8211; z\u00e1vis\u00ed na charakteru prost\u0159ed\u00ed (aridn\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed &#8211; v\u011bt\u0161ina uhl\u00edku a s\u00edry opou\u0161t\u00ed lesn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9m v plynn\u00e9 form\u011b, humidn\u00ed podm\u00ednky &#8211; sp\u00ed\u0161e odn\u00e1\u0161eny vodou)<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; v\u00fdznamn\u00fd procesem je uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivin zv\u011btr\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm hornin (uvoln\u011bn\u00e9 \u017eiviny p\u0159i zv\u011btr\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ech\u00e1zej\u00ed do roztoku a do biogeochemick\u00e9ho procesu nebo jsou odn\u00e1\u0161eny eroz\u00ed nebo vyluhov\u00e1ny do podzemn\u00edch vod)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Biochemick\u00fd kolob\u011bh<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>= redistribuce \u017eivin v r\u00e1mci jednotliv\u00e9 rostliny (nap\u0159. p\u0159esunut\u00ed \u017eivin z list\u016f opadav\u00fdch d\u0159evin do jin\u00fdch org\u00e1n\u016f p\u0159ed jejich opadem)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Biogeochemick\u00e9 kolob\u011bhy<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>= v\u00fdm\u011bna element\u016f v r\u00e1mci ekosyst\u00e9mu (nap\u0159. dus\u00edk absorbov\u00e1n ko\u0159eny d\u0159evin z rozkl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edho se opadu, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt p\u0159etransformov\u00e1n do mlad\u00fdch list\u016f d\u0159evin a znovu se vrac\u00ed na p\u016fdn\u00ed povrch v organick\u00e9 form\u011b jako opad)<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; v\u011bt\u0161inou se jedn\u00e1 o odb\u011br element\u016f jednotliv\u00fdmi rostlinami a jejich n\u00e1vrat na p\u016fdu<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; z\u00e1kladn\u00ed a nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pro udr\u017een\u00ed dynamick\u00e9 rovnov\u00e1hy v ekosyst\u00e9mu jsou biogeochemick\u00e9 cykly tvo\u0159en\u00e9 \u010dleny: biomasa prim\u00e1rn\u00edch producent\u016f \u2013 opad \u2013 postupn\u00fd rozklad a mineralizace odum\u0159el\u00e9 biomasy a uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivin \u2013 p\u0159\u00edjem \u017eivin prim\u00e1rn\u00edmi producenty<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; rychlost t\u011bchto vnit\u0159n\u00edch cykl\u016f je ur\u010dov\u00e1na: rychlost\u00ed mikrobi\u00e1ln\u00edho rozkladu a mineralizace<br \/>\nrychlost\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjmu \u017eivin prim\u00e1rn\u00edmi producenty<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; jsou-li ob\u011b tyto polo\u017eky vz\u00e1jemn\u011b vyrovnan\u00e9, je to v\u00fdrazem dynamick\u00e9 rovnov\u00e1hy<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; jsou \u00fazce sv\u00e1z\u00e1ny s tokem energie (zelen\u00e9 rostliny, poutaj\u00ed slune\u010dn\u00ed energii, p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed ji na energii organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek a tento pochod v\u017edy doprov\u00e1z\u00ed tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edjem biogenn\u00edch prvk\u016f)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny existence biogeochemick\u00fdch cykl\u016f:<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>\u00a0\u017divotn\u00ed procesy \u017eiv\u00fdch slo\u017eek ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f jsou neodd\u011bliteln\u011b spojeny s p\u0159em\u011bnou l\u00e1tek a energie, kter\u00e9 jsou p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1ny z prost\u0159ed\u00ed a do n\u011bho vyd\u00e1v\u00e1ny.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0D\u00e9lka \u017eivota organism\u016f je omezena, organismy odum\u00edraj\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Vznik\u00e1 proto organick\u00fd odpad (rostlinn\u00fd opad, exkrementy, mrtvoly\u2026), jeho\u017e se jako bohat\u00e9ho zdroje energie a \u017e\u00e1douc\u00edch l\u00e1tek uj\u00edmaj\u00ed dekompozito\u0159i \u2013 rozklada\u010di v detritov\u00e9m potravn\u00edm \u0159et\u011bzci.<\/li>\n<li>Rozklada\u010di jsou schopni postupn\u011b rozlo\u017eit ka\u017edou p\u0159irozenou mrtvou organickou hmotu, upot\u0159ebit z n\u00ed ve\u0161kerou vyu\u017eitelnou energii pro sv\u00e9 \u017eivotn\u00ed procesy. To vede nakonec k jej\u00ed minerelizaci na CO2, ionty miner\u00e1ln\u00edch \u017eivin, H2O.<\/li>\n<li>Prim\u00e1rn\u00ed producenti jsou schopni mineralizovan\u00e9 l\u00e1tky znovu zabudovat do sv\u00e9 \u017eiv\u00e9 biomasy.<br \/>\nBiogeochemick\u00fd cyklus je tak uzav\u0159en.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Kolob\u011bh vody<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8211; pohyb vody je d\u00e1n vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdm p\u016fsoben\u00edm slune\u010dn\u00ed energie a gravitace<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; zna\u010dn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st slune\u010dn\u00ed energie je vyu\u017eita na p\u0159em\u011bnu vody z tekut\u00e9ho skupenstv\u00ed ve skupenstv\u00ed plynn\u00e9 \u2192 atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e1 cirkulace \u2192 kondenzace a vlivem gravitace sr\u00e1\u017eky<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Kolob\u011bh uhl\u00edku<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8211; v biologick\u00e9 sf\u00e9\u0159e je C nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm prvkem (je podstatnou slo\u017ekou v\u0161ech rostlinn\u00fdch bun\u011bk a tvo\u0159\u00ed 45-50% hmotnosti su\u0161iny)<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; je protism\u011brn\u00fd cyklu kysl\u00edku; zelen\u00e9 rostliny p\u0159i fotosynt\u00e9ze kysli\u010dn\u00edk uhli\u010dit\u00fd spot\u0159ebov\u00e1vaj\u00ed, zat\u00edmco p\u0159i respiraci jej prakticky v\u0161echny organismy uvol\u0148uj\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd je do atmosf\u00e9ry dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n ze zdroj\u016f organick\u00fdch (vulkanick\u00e1 \u010dinnost a miner\u00e1ln\u00ed prameny) a ze zdroj\u016f vit\u00e1ln\u00edch (d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed lid\u00ed a zv\u00ed\u0159at, spalov\u00e1n\u00ed uhl\u00ed a d\u0159eva, respirac\u00ed rostlin a respirac\u00ed mikroorganizmu ve vod\u00e1ch a v p\u016fd\u011b &#8211; p\u0159i respiraci se nedost\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u0161echen CO2 z p\u016fdy do ovzdu\u0161\u00ed \u2013 \u010d\u00e1st ho z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 pohlcena v p\u016fd\u011b, \u010d\u00e1st se rozpou\u0161t\u00ed ve vod\u011b a \u010d\u00e1st se v\u00e1\u017ee v uhli\u010ditanech)<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; trend n\u00e1r\u016fstu koncentrace CO2 (podm\u00edn\u011bn zejm\u00e9na spalov\u00e1n\u00edm fosiln\u00edch paliv) \u2013 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjmu CO2 &#8211; zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 produkce organick\u00e9 hmoty<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Kolob\u011bh dus\u00edku<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8211; je velmi slo\u017eit\u00fd a tvo\u0159\u00ed jej \u0159ada vz\u00e1jemn\u011b navazuj\u00edc\u00edch pochod\u016f<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e Zem\u011b je N2 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 4\/5 objemu vzduchu; tento molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed dus\u00edk nedovedou organizmy a\u017e na v\u00fdjimky asimilovat<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e ionty NH3, NO3 nebo NH4 m\u016f\u017ee vstupovat do kolob\u011bh\u016f v lesn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9mech<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; dus\u00edk p\u0159ijat\u00fd rostlinami je vyu\u017eit hlavn\u011b p\u0159i synt\u00e9ze aminokyselin a b\u00edlkovin<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; v detritov\u00fdch potravn\u00edch \u0159et\u011bzc\u00edch jsou b\u00edlkoviny rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1ny na aminokyseliny, ze kter\u00fdch amoniza\u010dn\u00ed bakterie uvol\u0148uj\u00ed amoniak (amonizace). V\u00e1zan\u00fd nebo voln\u00fd amoniak obsahuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 produkty \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9ho vym\u011b\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed. Nitrita\u010dn\u00ed bakterie p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed amoniak na dusitany (nitritace), kter\u00e9 d\u00e1le p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed bakterie nitrata\u010dn\u00ed na dusitany (nitratace). Kolob\u011bh uzav\u00edraj\u00ed denitrifika\u010dn\u00ed bakterie, kter\u00e9 p\u0159em\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed dusi\u010dnany na molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed dus\u00edk a kompensuj\u00ed tak \u010dinnost mikroorganism\u016f, kter\u00e9 jej poutaj\u00ed.<br \/>\npozn: Hnojen\u00ed zvy\u0161uje obsah dus\u00edkat\u00fdch l\u00e1tek \u2013 ohro\u017een\u00ed vody.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Kolob\u011bh kysl\u00edku<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8211; molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed kysl\u00edk, kysli\u010dn\u00edk uhli\u010dit\u00fd a voda<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; v biosf\u00e9\u0159e je kysl\u00edk biologick\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu &#8211; produkt fotosynt\u00e9zy, tou je uvol\u0148ov\u00e1n &#8211; zelen\u00e9 rostliny kysl\u00edk uvol\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159i fotosynt\u00e9ze, zat\u00edmco p\u0159i respiraci (a rozkladem odum\u0159el\u00fdch organism\u016f) jej v\u0161echny aerobn\u00ed organismy spot\u0159ebov\u00e1vaj\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; z atmosf\u00e9ry pronik\u00e1 kysl\u00edk do vody a p\u016fdy<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; v\u00fdznam ozonu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Kolob\u011bh fosforu<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8211; hlavn\u00edm zdrojem jsou horn\u00ed vrstvy litosf\u00e9ry<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; rostliny p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed fosfor z rozpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch fosf\u00e1t\u016f z p\u016fdy; potravn\u00edmi \u0159et\u011bzci* se dost\u00e1v\u00e1 do \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00fdch t\u011b; po uhynut\u00ed organism\u016f se fosfor uvol\u0148uje rozkladem do prost\u0159ed\u00ed<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; biogeochemick\u00fd cyklus fosforu pat\u0159\u00ed mezi cykly sedimentov\u00e9ho typu<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; horniny litosf\u00e9ry jsou postupn\u011b erodov\u00e1ny a fosfore\u010dnany se uvol\u0148uj\u00ed do p\u016fdy (pouze men\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st z nich je v\u0161ak dostupn\u00e1 pro zelen\u00e9 rostliny, nebo\u0165 mezi nimi p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00ed fosfore\u010dnany nerozpustn\u00e9: Ca2+,Mg2+,Fe3+)<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; zelen\u00e9 rostliny p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed fosfor ve form\u011b fosfore\u010dnanov\u00fdch aniont\u016f a vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jej p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u0159i synt\u00e9ze nukleov\u00fdch kyselin a ATP<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; cyklus uzav\u00edraj\u00ed bakterie, kter\u00e9 v detritov\u00fdch potravn\u00edch \u0159et\u011bzc\u00edch fosfore\u010dnany op\u011bt uvol\u0148uj\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; fosfore\u010dnany obsahuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 produkty \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9ho vylu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Kolob\u011bh s\u00edry<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8211; obsah s\u00edry v p\u016fd\u011b &#8211; m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 1 %; z toho v\u00edce ne\u017e 90 % je organicky v\u00e1zan\u00e1<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; d\u00e1le je p\u0159\u00edmo v\u00e1zan\u00e1 na uhl\u00edk (ve form\u011b aminokyselin, v humusov\u00fdch l\u00e1tk\u00e1ch)<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; anorganick\u00e1 s\u00edra p\u0159edstavuje v p\u016fd\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 10% a za norm\u00e1ln\u00edch podm\u00ednek se vyskytuje v\u00fdhradn\u011b jako s\u00edran<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st s\u00edry je odeb\u00edr\u00e1na rostlinami ve form\u011b miner\u00e1ln\u00edch s\u00edran\u016f absorbovan\u00fdch z p\u016fdy nebo se jedn\u00e1 o p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd odb\u011br z ovzdu\u0161\u00ed listy<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; cyklus s\u00edry: (oxidace, imobilizace, mineralizace, redukce)<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; Prvn\u00ed f\u00e1ze p\u0159edstavuje akumulaci s\u00edry v organick\u00e9 form\u011b (asimilativn\u00ed redukce sulf\u00e1tu).<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; V dal\u0161\u00edch f\u00e1z\u00edch za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00edch rozkladem odum\u0159el\u00fdch t\u011bl se za anaerobn\u00edch podm\u00ednek produkuje sirovod\u00edk, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt na sv\u011btle oxidov\u00e1n fototrofn\u00edmi bakt\u00e9riemi \u010deledi na s\u00edran.<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; V aerobn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch se oxiduje sirovod\u00edk na s\u00edran chemickou nebo biologickou cestou (aerobn\u00ed sirn\u00e9 bakt\u00e9rie). V anaerobn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch s n\u00edzk\u00fdm oxida\u010dn\u011b reduk\u010dn\u00edm potenci\u00e1lem a za p\u0159\u00edtomnosti dostate\u010dn\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed energetick\u00fdch zdroj\u016f (organick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f) m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt sulf\u00e1t op\u011bt redukov\u00e1n disimilativn\u00ed cestou. Tento proces realizuje vyhran\u011bn\u00e1 skupina bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; P\u0159i disimilativn\u00ed redukci se na rozd\u00edl od asimilativn\u00ed hromad\u00ed sirovod\u00edk v prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Redukce je v\u00fdhradn\u011b biologick\u00fdm pochodem.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V\u00fdm\u011bna energi\u00ed, l\u00e1tek a informac\u00ed v lesn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9mech &#8211; p\u0159edpokladem toku energie a kolob\u011bhu l\u00e1tek (biologick\u00fdch cykl\u016f) je schopnost \u017eiv\u00fdch soustav vytv\u00e1\u0159et organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky z l\u00e1tek anorganick\u00fdch Kolob\u011bh \u017eivin spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v toku \u017eivin a energi\u00ed mezi: \u017eivou slo\u017ekou ekosyst\u00e9mu (prim\u00e1rn\u00ed producenti, konzumenti, destruenti, reducenti) ne\u017eivou slo\u017ekou ekosyst\u00e9mu (p\u016fda, voda, vzduch) &#8211; energomateri\u00e1lov\u00e9 toky ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f jsou [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/76"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=76"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/76\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":181,"href":"https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/76\/revisions\/181"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=76"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}