{"id":22,"date":"2018-05-04T11:10:12","date_gmt":"2018-05-04T09:10:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/helix.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/?page_id=22"},"modified":"2018-05-04T11:38:54","modified_gmt":"2018-05-04T09:38:54","slug":"vyvoj-prirodniho-lesa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/index.php\/les-jako-ekosystem\/vyvoj-prirodniho-lesa\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00fdvoj p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho lesa"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>V\u00fdvoj p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho lesa<\/h1>\n<p>Lesn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9m se nach\u00e1z\u00ed ve stavu dynamick\u00e9 rovnov\u00e1hy. Jedinci tvo\u0159\u00edc\u00ed biocen\u00f3zu se m\u011bn\u00ed, rostou a odum\u00edraj\u00ed. To v\u0161e v r\u016fzn\u00e9m \u010dasov\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku a s r\u016fznou periodicitou. V lesn\u00edm komplexu jako celku z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed ukazatele struktury, uva\u017eovan\u00e9 z r\u016fzn\u00fdch hledisek, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b vyrovn\u00e1ny. Jsou spojeny s vyrovn\u00e1n\u00edm vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch vliv\u016f, kter\u00e9 nen\u00ed dosavadn\u00ed struktura schopna p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt (klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny, disturbance, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed katastrofy), \u010di s obnovou jeho slo\u017eek slo\u017eek na r\u016fzn\u011b velk\u00fdch d\u00edl\u010d\u00edch ploch\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<h2>Znaky p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch les\u016f v na\u0161ich podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch:<\/h2>\n<p>1. Vyrovnan\u00e9 a st\u00e1l\u00e9 druhov\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed lesn\u00edch porost\u016f.<br \/>\nP\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm v\u00fdb\u011brem byly vyselektov\u00e1ny druhy a jejich provenience nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pro dan\u00e9 stanovi\u0161t\u011b, nejl\u00e9pe lok\u00e1ln\u00edm pom\u011br\u016fm p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00e9. P\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 v\u00fdkyvy zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi vlivy se rychle vyrovn\u00e1vaj\u00ed a ustaluje se p\u016fvodn\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed d\u0159evin.<br \/>\n2. Vyrovnan\u00e9 ekologick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, ur\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed lesn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<br \/>\nTy jsou naru\u0161ov\u00e1ny jen vz\u00e1cn\u011b a p\u0159i intenzivn\u00edch vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch vlivech.<br \/>\n3. R\u016fznov\u011bkost lesn\u00edch porost\u016f, dan\u00e1 charakterem obnovy lesn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f.<br \/>\nJe podm\u00edn\u011bna r\u016fznou dobou do\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch strom\u016f a prom\u011bnliv\u00fdmi pom\u011bry obnovy.<br \/>\n4. Na druhov\u00e9m a v\u011bkov\u00e9m slo\u017een\u00ed z\u00e1vis\u00ed i v\u00fdstavba porostu, kter\u00e1 se v u\u017e\u0161\u00edm plo\u0161n\u00e9m r\u00e1mci i v\u00fdznamn\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed, pop\u0159\u00edpad\u011b z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 po jistou dobu vyrovnan\u00e1.<br \/>\nZ hlediska v\u00fdvoje lesa je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch st\u00e1di\u00ed a f\u00e1z\u00ed po plo\u0161e (textura p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho lesa). Ta je v\u00fdsledkem p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed dynamiky a dokl\u00e1d\u00e1 historii v\u00fdvoje lesa v\u010detn\u011b antropick\u00fdch vliv\u016f. Nazna\u010duje i vztah ke stabilit\u011b (\u010d\u00edm je maloplo\u0161n\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, t\u00edm je v\u00fdvoj pozvoln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a stabiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, velkoplo\u0161n\u00e1 textura naopak indikuje zm\u011bny n\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed a m\u00e9n\u011b stabiln\u00ed les). Obecn\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee plo\u0161n\u00fd pod\u00edl jednotliv\u00e9ho st\u00e1dia (f\u00e1ze) odpov\u00edd\u00e1 i \u010dasov\u00e9mu pod\u00edlu na trv\u00e1n\u00ed cel\u00e9ho v\u00fdvojov\u00e9ho cyklu.<\/p>\n<h2>Velk\u00fd v\u00fdvojov\u00fd cyklus lesa<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8211; spojen s katastrofick\u00fdm rozpadem ekosyst\u00e9mu lesa na velk\u00fdch ploch\u00e1ch (nap\u0159. velk\u00fdmi smr\u0161t\u011bmi, po\u017e\u00e1ry, p\u0159emno\u017een\u00edm n\u011bkter\u00fdch herbivor\u016f, \u0161k\u016fdc\u016f, imisemi\u2026 )<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; na n\u011bjakou dobu plocha ztr\u00e1c\u00ed charakter lesa (m\u011bn\u00ed se mikroklimatick\u00e9 i ostatn\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed podm\u00ednky prost\u0159ed\u00ed, vegetace na tyto zm\u011bny reaguje \u2013 vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 do\u010dasn\u00e9 absence druh\u016f konkuren\u010dn\u011b siln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 voln\u00fd prostor)<\/li>\n<li>&#8211; v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 je \u00fa\u010dast sukcese vedouc\u00ed k obnov\u011b lesn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, a to a\u017e k z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9mu, klimaxov\u00e9mu spole\u010den<span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">stvu.<\/span><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-70 size-full aligncenter\" style=\"font-size: 1rem;\" src=\"http:\/\/helix.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/velky_vyvojovy_cyklus_lesa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"490\" height=\"368\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/velky_vyvojovy_cyklus_lesa.jpg 490w, https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/velky_vyvojovy_cyklus_lesa-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/velky_vyvojovy_cyklus_lesa-200x150.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 490px) 100vw, 490px\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>B\u011bhem t\u00e9to doby je mo\u017eno rozeznat n\u011bkolik st\u00e1di\u00ed a typ\u016f lesa:<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8211; st\u00e1dium p\u0159\u00edpravn\u00e9ho lesa (p\u0159\u00edpravn\u00fd les),<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Je spojeno s invaz\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravn\u00fdch, pion\u00fdrsk\u00fdch d\u0159evin (V jejich \u017eivotn\u00ed strategii p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00ed prvky S- a R- strategie. Jsou relativn\u011b odoln\u00e9 v\u016f\u010di extr\u00e9m\u016fm fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, m\u00e9n\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 i na p\u016fdn\u00ed podm\u00ednky, vyzna\u010duj\u00ed se rychl\u00fdm r\u016fstem v ml\u00e1d\u00ed, \u010dastou a bohatou \u00farodou semen, extenzitou ve vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivotn\u00edho prostoru (\u0159\u00eddk\u00fd z\u00e1poj i ko\u0159enov\u00fd syst\u00e9m) a ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed konkuren\u010dn\u00ed schopnost\u00ed \u2013 v na\u0161ich pom\u011brech to jsou p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy b\u0159\u00edz, j\u00edva, osika, na vlh\u010d\u00edch stanovi\u0161t\u00edch i ol\u0161e; borovice a mod\u0159\u00edn).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8211; st\u00e1dium p\u0159echodn\u00e9ho lesa (p\u0159echodn\u00fd les),<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>D\u0159eviny p\u0159\u00edpravn\u00e9ho lesa ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed natolik, \u017ee z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 op\u011bt charakter prost\u0159ed\u00ed lesn\u00edho a vznikaj\u00ed podm\u00ednky pro obnovu n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch d\u0159evin, zpravidla polostinn\u00fdch a stinn\u00fdch (jedle, buk, smrk, javor aj.).<br \/>\nJedn\u00e1 se v\u011bt\u0161inou o dlouhov\u011bk\u00e9 organizmy charakteru C-strat\u00e9g\u016f. Tyto d\u0159eviny nesn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed podm\u00ednky hol\u00e9 plochy, jsou po\u0161kozov\u00e1ny mikroklimatick\u00fdmi extr\u00e9my, naopak sn\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed relativn\u011b vysok\u00e9 zast\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed a konkurenci jin\u00fdch jedinc\u016f. V ml\u00e1d\u00ed rostou pomaleji, p\u0159\u00edr\u016fst kulminuje pozd\u011bji a zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 si vysokou intenzitu i v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edm v\u011bku. Postupnou obnovou s podr\u016fst\u00e1n\u00edm t\u011bchto d\u0159evin pod lesem p\u0159\u00edpravn\u00fdm tak vznik\u00e1 les p\u0159echodn\u00fd, zpravidla dvojet\u00e1\u017eov\u00fd.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8211; st\u00e1dium vrcholn\u00e9ho, z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9ho lesa (vrcholn\u00fd les, klimax).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>D\u0159eviny z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9ho lesa postupn\u011b dor\u016fstaj\u00ed a p\u0159edr\u016fstaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpravn\u00e9 d\u0159eviny a postupn\u011b je zcela potla\u010d\u00ed. M\u011bn\u00ed i charakter lesn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed od sp\u00ed\u0161e kontinent\u00e1ln\u00edho k oce\u00e1nsk\u00e9mu. Op\u011btn\u00e1 obnova p\u0159\u00edpravn\u00fdch d\u0159evin je a\u017e na v\u00fdjimky vylou\u010dena a prob\u00edh\u00e1 obnova pouze d\u0159evin klimaxov\u00fdch. Klimaxov\u00fd les je v dan\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch zpravidla nejproduktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a vyzna\u010duje se maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed akumulac\u00ed biomasy. B\u00fdv\u00e1 zpravidla i nejstabiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm typem ekosyst\u00e9mu, jak\u00fd se v dan\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch m\u016f\u017ee vytvo\u0159it.<\/p>\n<h2>Mal\u00fd v\u00fdvojov\u00fd cyklus lesa<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>= obnova lesa<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ani klimaxov\u00fd les nen\u00ed \u00fatvarem nem\u011bnn\u00fdm. Prod\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1 cyklick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj v r\u00e1mci tzv. mal\u00e9ho v\u00fdvojov\u00e9ho cyklu, obnovuj\u00edc\u00edho jeho strukturu.<\/p>\n<h2>Obnova prob\u00edh\u00e1 v r\u00e1mci t\u0159\u00ed specifick\u00fdch z\u00e1kladn\u00edch v\u00fdvojov\u00fdch st\u00e1di\u00ed:<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>st\u00e1dium optima<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8211; doch\u00e1z\u00ed k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161kov\u011b vyrovnan\u00e9ho porostu, s v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed tlou\u0161\u0165kovou diferencovanost\u00ed a zejm\u00e9na s velk\u00fdmi v\u011bkov\u00fdmi rozd\u00edly.<br \/>\n&#8211; je charakterizov\u00e1no pom\u011brn\u011b mal\u00fdm po\u010dtem strom\u016f velk\u00fdch dimenz\u00ed na plo\u0161n\u00e9 jednotce lesa, v\u00fdrazn\u011b p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00ed stromy nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch tlou\u0161\u0165kov\u00fdch t\u0159\u00edd.<br \/>\n&#8211; ztr\u00e1c\u00ed se vrstevnat\u00e1 v\u00fdstavba a \u010dasto se vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed horizont\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1poj a typick\u00e1 halov\u00e1 v\u00fdstavba, podobn\u00e1 stejnov\u011bk\u00e9mu hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9mu lesu s horizont\u00e1ln\u00edm z\u00e1pojem.<br \/>\n&#8211; na konci tohoto st\u00e1dia se porost dost\u00e1v\u00e1 do f\u00e1ze f\u00e1ze st\u00e1rnut\u00ed, kdy za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed odum\u00edrat jednotliv\u00e9 stromy a nastupuje prvn\u00ed obnova.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-75 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/helix.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/stadium_optima.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"490\" height=\"653\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/stadium_optima.jpg 490w, https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/stadium_optima-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/stadium_optima-150x200.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 490px) 100vw, 490px\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>St\u00e1dium rozpadu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8211; z\u00e1soba a po\u010det kmen\u016f star\u0161\u00ed generace rychle kles\u00e1, zvy\u0161uje se po\u010det a r\u016fst generace nov\u00e9<br \/>\n&#8211; porost je ve f\u00e1zi obnovy.<br \/>\n&#8211; rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed skupin a jedinc\u016f p\u016fvodn\u00edho porostu a skupin zmlazen\u00ed porostu nastupuj\u00edc\u00edho je po plo\u0161e nepravideln\u00e9<br \/>\n&#8211; z\u00e1soba odum\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edch strom\u016f nen\u00ed v pln\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e nahrazov\u00e1na p\u0159\u00edr\u016fstem strom\u016f mlad\u00fdch a n\u011bkdy v\u00fdrazn\u011bji, n\u011bkdy m\u00e9n\u011b patrn\u011b, kles\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-77 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/helix.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/stadium_rozpadu.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"490\" height=\"368\" srcset=\"https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/stadium_rozpadu.jpg 490w, https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/stadium_rozpadu-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/stadium_rozpadu-200x150.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 490px) 100vw, 490px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>St\u00e1dium dor\u016fst\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>&#8211; dominance p\u016fvodn\u00edho porostu kles\u00e1, pod\u00edl porostu nov\u00e9ho se zvy\u0161uje<br \/>\n&#8211; z\u00e1soba spodn\u00ed a st\u0159edn\u00ed vrstvy rychle roste. Z\u00e1poj je stup\u0148ovit\u00fd a\u017e vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed.<br \/>\n&#8211; v tomto st\u00e1diu je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed tlou\u0161\u0165kov\u00e1, v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00e1 i plo\u0161n\u00e1 diferenciace.<br \/>\n&#8211; z hlediska star\u0161\u00edho porostu (pokud jsou jeho jedinci je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159\u00edtomni) jde o f\u00e1zi do\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed.<br \/>\n&#8211; v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 cykly jednotliv\u00fdch generac\u00ed se p\u0159ekr\u00fdvaj\u00ed<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V\u00fdvoj p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho lesa Lesn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9m se nach\u00e1z\u00ed ve stavu dynamick\u00e9 rovnov\u00e1hy. Jedinci tvo\u0159\u00edc\u00ed biocen\u00f3zu se m\u011bn\u00ed, rostou a odum\u00edraj\u00ed. To v\u0161e v r\u016fzn\u00e9m \u010dasov\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku a s r\u016fznou periodicitou. V lesn\u00edm komplexu jako celku z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed ukazatele struktury, uva\u017eovan\u00e9 z r\u016fzn\u00fdch hledisek, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b vyrovn\u00e1ny. Jsou spojeny s vyrovn\u00e1n\u00edm vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch vliv\u016f, kter\u00e9 nen\u00ed dosavadn\u00ed struktura schopna p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":7,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/22"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/22\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":81,"href":"https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/22\/revisions\/81"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rumex.mendelu.cz\/oryx\/les_jako_ekosystem\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}